1. Beer AE, Billingham RE, Yang SL: Maternally induced transplantation immunity, tolerance, and runt disease in rats J Exp Med. 1972 Apr 1;135(4):808-26. Free full text article available online: Click here

2. Beer AE, Billingham RE, Yang SL Further evidence concerning the autoantigenic status of the trophoblast J Exp Med. 1972 May 1;135(5):1177-84. Free full text article available online: Click here

3. Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Tescher, T., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A., Kerns, K., Ober, C. and Beer, A.: Autoantibodies in women with primary and secondary recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) immunized with leukocytes: Subsequent pregnancy outcome. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting St. Louis, Missouri, March, 1990.

4. Kwak-Kim, J., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A., Kerns, K., Ober, C. and Beer, A.: HLA Immunogenetic evaluation of couples with primary and secondary recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting St. Louis, Missouri, March, 1990.

5. Beer, A.E., Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Kim, J.H., Beaman, K.D. and Gilman-Sachs, A.: Pregnancy losses following paternal leukocyte immunization predicted by flow cytometry: inhibition of binding of anti-CD3 (T-cell receptor) antibodies to paternal lymphocytes by maternal serum. Presented at ACOG meeting San Francisco, California, May, 1990.

6. Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Quilty, E., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K., and Beer, A.E.: Pregnancy performance following intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) who develop pregnancy complications with conventional therapy. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1991.

7. Gilman-Sachs, A., Beer, A.E. and Beaman, K.D.: Risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion with subclinical autoimmune disease. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

8. Kwak, J.Y.H., James, K., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K.D. and Beer, A.E.: Immunogentic profiles in women with primary recurrent spotnaneous abortions (RSA) and secondary RSA. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

9. Ober, C., Kwak, J. Reed, A., Billstrand, C., Belen, G., and Beer, A.: Increased abortion rates in couples sharing HLA-DR or HLA-DQ antigens following immunotherapy with paternal leukocytes. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

10. Barini, R., Kwak, J., Polgar, K., Hill, J. and Beer, A.: The embryotoxic factor assay in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy outcome. Presented at The Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1992

11. Kwak, J., Ober, C., Barini, R. and Beer, A.: Maternal autoimmune abnormalities and fetal HLA-DQA1 alleles in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Presented at The Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1992

12. Khojasteh, Z., McConnell, M., Banaszak, L., Kwak, J., Barini, R., Beaman, K., Henkin, J., Sasahara, A., and Beer, A.: Fibrinolytic profile in pregnant women on heparin therapy with/or without anti-phospholipid antibodies. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.

13. Kwak, J., Barini, R., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K. and Beer, A.: Down regulation of maternal autoimmune response may determine pregnancy outcome. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.

14. Barini, R., Kwak, J., Quilty, E., and Beer, A.: Predicting second pregnancy reproductive outcome after immunological treatment for recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.

15. Lubinski, J., Vrdoljak, V., Beer, A., Beaman, K. and Gilman-Sachs, A.: Characterization of antibodies produced in response to paternal leukocyte immunization in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.

16. Gilman-Sachs, A., Banaszak, L., Nadarajah, G., Beer, A. and Beaman, K.: Non-specific binding in an ELISA for IgG antiphospholipid (PL) antibodies. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.

17. Khodjasteh, Z., Beaman, K.D., Banaszak, L., Sasahara, A. and Beer, A.E.: Tissue-type plasminogen activator system profile in normal pregnancies and positive and negative anti-phospholipid antibody (APA) pregnancies with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSAs). Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

18. Kwak, J.Y.H., Semprini, A.E., Bahar, A.M., Vucetich, A., Garbo, S., Gilman-Sachs, K.D., Beaman, K.D. and Beer, A.E.: Autoantibody status of women with RSA of unknown etiology pre and post immunization and during pregnancy. Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

19. Kwak, J.Y.H., Ober, C., Barini, R., and Beer, A.E.: Maternal autoimmune abnormalities and fetal HLA-DQA1 alleles in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

20. Kwak, J.Y.H., Barini, R., Quilty, E.A. and Beer, A.E.: Reproductive outcome following lymphocyte immunization in women with RSA with and without autoimmune serological abnormalities. Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

21. Salafia, C.M., Beer, A., Maier, D., Vogel, C.A., Ernst, L.M., Wegner, E: The pathology of recurrent abortion of diganosed immunologic etiology. Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

22. Salafia, C.M., Vogel, C.A., Beer, A., Silberman, L., Foye, G.: Late fetal death: Histologic and serologic evidence of immunopathology. Presented at the International Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Congress Meeting, Rome, Italy, September, 1992.

23. Kwak, J.Y.H., Barini, R., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beman, K.D., Beer, A.E.: Down regulation of maternal antiphospholipid antibodies during early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Presented at the Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 1993.

24. Kwak, J.Y.H., Beer, A.E., Cubillos, J., Sandoval, P., Mendoza, J.C., Espinel, F.: Biological basis of fetoplacental antigenic determinants in the induction of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and recurrent pregnancy loss. Presented at the New York Academy Sciences Meeting Washington, DC October 1993.

25. Kwak J.Y.H., Valdez, R., Gilman-Sachs, A, Baum, L.L., Beaman, K.D., Beer, A.E.: Upregulated expression of CD56+/CD16+ and CD19+/CD5 in peripheral blood lymphocytes in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Presented at the Am. Society for Reproductive Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 1994.

26. Ruiz, J., Cubillos, J., Mendoza, J., Kwak, J., Beer, A.E., Espinel, F.: Autoimmunity to phospholipid antigens increases with each pregnancy loss in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at the Am. Society for Reproductive Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 1994.

27. Friel, L.A., Lubinski, V., Vrdoljak, J., Beaman, K.D., Kwak, J.Y.H., Beer, A.E., Gilman-Sachs, A.: Auto-antibodies induced by paternal lymphoycte immunization in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at the Am. Society for Reproductive Immunology Meeting Philadelphia, PA, 1994.

28. Kwak, J.Y.H., Ruiz, J.E., Schewitz, D.C., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K.D., and Beer, A.E.: Natural killer cells (CD56+/16+) and CD5+ B cells (CD19+/5+) in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions of autoimmune serological abnormality. Presented at the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Chicago, IL, 1995.

29. Kwak, F.M-Y., Kwak, J.Y.H., and Beer, AE: Peripheral blood natural killer cells are effectively suppressed by immunoglobulin G infusions in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at ISIR and ASRI meeting Washington, DC, 1995.

30. Ruiz, J.E., Kwak, J., Baum, L., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K., Kim, Y.B. and Beer, A.E.: Intravenous immunoglobulin inhibits natural killer cell activity in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. . Presented at ISIR and ASRI meeting Washington, DC, 1995.

31. Beer AE, Kwak JYH, Ruiz JE: Immunophenotypic profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in women with recurrent pregnancy losses and in infertile women with multiple failed in vitro fertilization cycles. Presented at ISIR and ASRI meeting Washington, DC, 1995.

32. Ruiz, A.M., Kwak-Kim, J., and Beer, AE: Impact of age on reproductive outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and infertility of immune etiology. Presented at ISIR and ASRI meeting Washington, DC, 1995.

33. Rubesa, G., Beaman, K.D., Beer, AE, Haller, H. and Rukavina, D.: Expression of pregnancy-associated protein TJ6 on decidual and peripheral blood lymphocytes during first trimester pregnancy. Presented at ISIR and ASRI meeting Washington, DC, 1995.

34. Kwak, J., Beaman, K., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beer, A.: In vitro suppression of peripheral blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity by immunoglobulin G: Identification of women who will resond to immunoglobulin G infusion treatment. Presented to ASRI in Knoxville, TN, June, 1996.

35. Kwak, J.Y.H., Kwak, F.M.Y., Ruiz, J.E., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A. and Beer, A.E.. Reproductive outcome with IVIG and anticoagulation treatment in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion and elevated CD56+ natural killer cells. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigation meeting Philadelphia, PA, 1996.

36. Kwak, J., Beaman, K., Gilman -Sachs, A., Moretti, M., and Beer, A.: Lymphocyte immunization therapy down regulates NK cell cytotoxicity in women with IVF failures and recurrent pregnancy losses. Presented at The Third World Conference on Early Pregnancy meeting Atlantic City, NJ, 1996.

37. Kwak, J.Y.H., Kwak, F.M., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K.D. and Beer, A.E.: Intravenous immunoglobulin G infusion therapy in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions of immune etiology. Presented at Fourth International Symposium on IVIG Interlaken, Switzerland, 1996.

38. Kwak, J.Y.H., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A. and Beer, A.E.: Humoral and cellular autoimmune abnormalities in women with primary infertility of unknown etiology and IVF failures. Presented at American Society for Reproductive Immunology meeting, Vancouver, B.C., 1997.

39. Beer, A.E. and Kwak, J.Y.H.: Assessment of antiphospholipid antibodies in IVF - Relevance to incidence and success rates. Presented at ART Symposium, Maui, HA, 1997.

40. Beer, A.E. and Kwak, J.Y.H.: Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) Dream or reality? Presented at ART Symposium, Maui, HA, 1997.

41. Kwak, J.Y.H., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K.D. and Beer, A.E.: Lymphocyte immunization suppresses peripheral blood natural killer cell activity. Submitted to Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, March, 1998.

42. Kwak JY, Gilman-Sachs A, Moretti M, Beaman KD, Beer AE.Natural killer cell cytotoxicity and paternal lymphocyte immunization in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1998 Nov;40(5):352-8.

43. Kwak JY, Beer AE, Kim SH, Mantouvalos HP.Immunopathology of the implantation site utilizing monoclonal antibodies to natural killer cells in women with recurrent pregnancy losses. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999 Jan;41(1):91-8.

44. Gilman-Sachs A, DuChateau BK, Aslakson CJ, Wohlgemuth GP, Kwak JY, Beer AE, Beaman KD.Natural killer (NK) cell subsets and NK cell cytotoxicity in women with histories of recurrent spontaneous abortions. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999 Jan;41(1):99-105.

45. Ntrivalas EI, Kwak-Kim JY, Gilman-Sachs A, Chung-Bang H, Ng SC, Beaman KD, Mantouvalos HP, Beer AE.Status of peripheral blood natural killer cells in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and infertility of unknown aetiology. Hum Reprod. 2001 May;16(5):855-61.

46. Kwak JY, Kwak FM, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD, Cho DD, Beer AE. Immunoglobulin G infusion treatment for women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and elevated CD56+ natural killer cells. Early Pregnancy. 2000 Apr;4(2):154-64.

47. Ng SC, Gilman-Sachs A, Thaker P, Beaman KD, Beer AE, Kwak-Kim J.. Expression of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, implantation failures after IVF/ET or normal pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Aug;48(2):77-86.

48. Kwak-Kim JY, Chung-Bang HS, Ng SC, Ntrivalas EI, Mangubat CP, Beaman KD, Beer AE, Gilman-Sachs A . Increased T helper 1 cytokine responses by circulating T cells are present in women with recurrent pregnancy losses and in infertile women with multiple implantation failures after IVF. Hum Reprod. 2003 Apr;18(4):767-73.

Dr Beer's research presented at National & International Meetings

 1. Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Tescher, T., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A., Kerns, K., Ober, C. and Beer, A.: Autoantibodies in women with primary and secondary recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) immunized with leukocytes: Subsequent pregnancy outcome. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting St. Louis, Missouri, March, 1990.

2. Kwak-Kim, J., Beaman, K.D., Gilman-Sachs, A., Kerns, K., Ober, C. and Beer, A.: HLA Immunogenetic evaluation of couples with primary and secondary recurrent spontaneous abortions. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting St. Louis, Missouri, March, 1990.

3. Beer, A.E., Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Kim, J.H., Beaman, K.D. and Gilman-Sachs, A.: Pregnancy losses following paternal leukocyte immunization predicted by flow cytometry: inhibition of binding of anti-CD3 (T-cell receptor) antibodies to paternal lymphocytes by maternal serum. Presented at ACOG meeting San Francisco, California, May, 1990.

4. Kwak-Kim, J.Y.H., Quilty, E., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K., and Beer, A.E.: Pregnancy performance following intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) who develop pregnancy complications with conventional therapy. Presented at Society for Gynecologic Investigations Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1991.

5. Gilman-Sachs, A., Beer, A.E. and Beaman, K.D.: Risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion with subclinical autoimmune disease. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

6. Kwak, J.Y.H., James, K., Gilman-Sachs, A., Beaman, K.D. and Beer, A.E.: Immunogentic profiles in women with primary recurrent spotnaneous abortions (RSA) and secondary RSA. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

7. Ober, C., Kwak, J. Reed, A., Billstrand, C., Belen, G., and Beer, A.: Increased abortion rates in couples sharing HLA-DR or HLA-DQ antigens following immunotherapy with paternal leukocytes. Presented at the American Society for the Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, June, 1991.

8. Barini, R., Kwak, J., Polgar, K., Hill, J. and Beer, A.: The embryotoxic factor assay in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy outcome. Presented at The Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1992

9. Kwak, J., Ober, C., Barini, R. and Beer, A.: Maternal autoimmune abnormalities and fetal HLA-DQA1 alleles in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Presented at The Society for Gynecologic Investigation Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1992

10. Khojasteh, Z., McConnell, M., Banaszak, L., Kwak, J., Barini, R., Beaman, K., Henkin, J., Sasahara, A., and Beer, A.: Fibrinolytic profile in pregnant women on heparin therapy with/or without anti-phospholipid antibodies. Presented at the American Society for Immunology of Reproduction Meeting, Charleston, S.C., June, 1992.